Electrons are the negatively charged particles that exist inside an atom. The electrons get excited when they get energy and change their existing state. To change from its ground state to the next higher energy level or vice versa, an electron absorbs photons or emits photons, that are packets of light.
Photons in the form of radiation excite the electrons in an atom by transferring energy. A solar storm comprises of the solar wind, a stream of particles, and plasma (the fourth state of matter) emanating from the Sun.
The above picture represents the Total Electron Content (TEC) in the atmosphere over the Bharati station, Antarctica. As one can see, the green color curve represents TEC on a typical day (no solar storm), and the red color curve represents TEC on the day of an intense solar storm on 23rd and 24th April of last year (2023).
The picture reveals that the energetic particles from the Sun have certainly disturbed the Total Electron Content (TEC) of the Earth Atmosphere over the Bharati Station in Antarctica.
Now the question is, What drives this change? The answer can be multi-faceted. It can be understood in terms of the physical world's thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and light-matter interaction processes.
For more details and answers from the other multi-faceted variables, you can contact me by comments
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